Zakee+Hawkins+notes

Washington troops **winter camp** at Morristown within ten miles of the British camped at Brunswick, New Jersey February 28, 1777 General “Gentlemen” Johnny Burgoyne “Thoughts for Conducting the War from the Side of Canada” April 1777 General Howe learns of Burgoyne’s plan Howe plans to take the rebel capitol Philadelphia King approves his plan as well, leadership in question which plan first June 1777 Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette with Europeans to help **Howe’s Plan to capture Capitol** August 24th General Washington Parades through Philadelphia with 11,000 troops to defend Aug 25 General Howe landed at the mouth of the Elk River in Maryland ** Battle of Brandywine ** September 11, 1777 Gen Howe Marches toward Brandywine wants one big battle to destroy Washington American Army Gen Washington has 14,000 troops Guards “all” river crossing Washington had 14,000; he lost 1200 – 1300 killed and 400 prisoners Howe had 15,006 lost 577 and 6 missing
 * 1777 New Strategy**

September 16, 1777 ** Battle of the Clouds ** (Battle of the Clouds soccer fields) Orders are given both armies march onto the field, some minor cavalry engagements battle begins a huge rain storm begins Howe can capture Philadelphia, Washington can do nothing about it, Philadelphia open to the British **September 21, 1777** ** Paoli Massacre ** orders General Anthony Wayne and about 500 to harass British during river crossing General Lord Grey knows that the Americans do not fight properly orders his men to remove the flints from their weapons “No Flint” Americans lose 53 killed 100 wounded 71 captured rumor that “No Quarter” was declared September 23 – 26 ** General Cornwallis has a parade into Philadelphia(captures) ** **October 2, 1777** ** Battle of Germantown ** General Henry Knox says they can not leave the mansion in the rear “It would be like the British having a fort in the rear” Battle seen as an American victory if they had better leadership, they might have won General Howe has captured the capitol General Washington and his troops performed well at Germantown leadership is in question British can not open the Delaware River to supply Philadelphia Delaware River is guarded by Fort Mercer, and Fort Mifflin **American Cause is able to survive for another year because Howe and Burgoyne did not work together.**

** Battle of Saratoga ** Spring 1777 General John Burgoyne arrives in Canada plan threefold (prongs) Burgoyne goes south from Quebec Canada down the Hudson toward New York ( Albany ) General Barry St. Ledger leave from Montréal Mohawk River Valley Hudson River join forces with Burgoyne north of Albany General Howe would lead an army up the Hudson River ( New York ) attack to Albany June 17, 1777 Gen Burgoyne leaves Canada with 9,000 troops plus loyalist and Indian July 6, Captures Ft Ticonderoga early success Americans Gen Schuyler blocked all roads by chopping down large pine trees across them Flood and dam water ways Destroy bridges June 18, 1777 Gen Barry St. Ledger leaves Montreal Americans defend this river Valley with Fort Stanwix 550 Americans General Benedict Arnold reinforce additional 200 Massachusetts volunteers August 6th at the Battle of Oriskiny August 22, 1777 St. Ledger is forced to turn back to Canada General Burgoyne has no idea that two out of his three prong plan are not coming letter from General Clinton in New York to tell him that Howe is in Philadelphia July 27, 1777 Jenny McCrea Tory girl killed by British Indian Patriots use her to prove British abuse *negative effect on the British campaign Aug 16th Colonel Frederick Baume attacks Bennington Burgoyne clashed with the Americans at Freeman's Farm General Gates in charge of the Americans October 7th Americans attack ** Battle of Saratoga ** October 17, 1777 Battle of Saratoga Burgoyne was forced to surrender One quarter of the British troops in North America had been captured effects the victory had convinced European that American victory was possible General Gates took credit for this victory actual fighting credited to Benedict Arnold Americans were commanded by Horatio Gates, Benedict Arnold, and Daniel Morgan (riflemen) 19th Dec,1777, Washington set up his winter Quarter/headquarters Valley Forge Pennsylvania exception of Georgia and South Carolina Valley Forge a small village on the west bank of the Schuylkill River General Howe cancelled preparations to attack the area Winter of 1777 to 1778 ** Foreign Help ** Marquis de Lafayette (20yrs.)– French noblemen, brings his own troops to help Thaddeus Kosciusko – Polish engineer Forts/defenses Casimir Pulaski – Polish trained Calvary officer Bernardo de Galvez – governor of New Spain February 23, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustus, Baron von Steuben Prussian Baron Von Steuben train Americans to fight like European Army Bayonet and Regiment training Trains the infantry to use the bayonet

** 1778 **      ** Situation Report ** **(sit rep)** Saratoga American Army beats and makes a British Army leave the colonies and go back to England **May 8, 1778** General Henry Clinton replaces Gen. Howe as commander of all British forces takes troops from Philadelphia to New York and New York to protect the West Indies Lord Germain orders General Clinton make Southern colonies the main focus of War plans April 1778 – Britain 5th Earl of Carlisle Fredrick Howard “The Carlisle Commission” Benjamin Franklin works out a deal with France February 6, 1778. Spain France’s ally also recognizes America, declare war on Britain May 8, 1778 Congress gets news of France treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance

**countrties pledge to fight until American independence is won** **Neither country concluding any truce with Britain without the others consent** **Gurantee each other's possessions in America against all other powers** **June 18, 1778** - Fearing a blockade by French ships, British Gen. Clinton withdraws troops from Philadelphia **Americans then re-occupy Philadelphia** **June 19, 1778** - Washington sends troops from Valley Forge to intercept Gen. Clinton June 28, 1778 ** The Battle of Monmouth ** ** Courthouse ** first time, the American Army from Valley Forge on the battlefield **Washingtoon has him court-martialed for his actions** **First change for disobedience of orders, in not attacking the enemy on the 28th of June, agreeable to repeated instructions.** **"Lastly he was charged with"disrespect to the Commander -in-Chief in the two letters dated of 1st of July** **Lee was found guilty andd suspended from commander for one year** **Summer 1778**, settled into a stalemate around New York **French Help** July-August, Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing and French fleet participate with General John Sullivan(on small ship tells washinton that he is going to attack rhodeisland   assault on Newport, Rhode Island    `Clinton re-enforces British troops, French withdraw    **Sullivan gets slaves to fight for him even though it is illegal in Rhode Island, Tryed to get free black slaves to fight because they are very brave fighters**    **July 10, 1778** -  France declares war against Britain    ** War in the South ** – by 1778 British main battle plan  Better terrain  Weather  larger percentage of loyalist in population  can also fight year round-never have to order winter camp  Clinton delayed and then finnally started  Americans came upon the British  Georgia is just taking now we have 12 colonies  May 9, 1779 many of the wooden houses in Charleston were set on fire  South Carolinas falls  Commander Lincoln surrender May 10, 1779- British troops burn Portsmouth and Norfolk, Virginia **June 16, 1779** - Spain declares war on England , does not make an alliance with America **Aug 14, 1779** - A peace plan  is approved and made by Congress-Count de Grasse 29 ships 3000 troops Chesapeake rivers stipulates independence complete British evacuation of America free navigation on the Mississippi River Sept 3 - Oct 28 - Americans defeated the British at the Savanah Sept 23, 1779 - coast of England, John Paul Jones0messenger or steel supply ships for navy and ideals that we should take the war to England ( change names from John Paul to John Paul Jones when he get to America) dights a British frigate

British demand his surrender Jones responds, "I have not yet begun to fight!" John captures the Frigate from when one of his officers shoots the other officer and then the British surrender Dec 26, 1779-British, Gen. Clinton from New York TO North Carolina May 6, 1780 - British capture Fort Moultrie at Charleston, South Carolina- Fort Multry May 12, 1780- worst American defeat of the Other colonies and surrenders **June 11, 1780** - Massachusetts constitution approved asserting "all men are born free and equal" June 13, 1780 - Gen. Horatio Gates-commisioned(congress) to command Southern Army-Continental congree ignores Washington Aug 3, 1780 - 6000 French soldiers under Count de Rochambeau arrive at Newport, Rhode Island-captures Rhode Island Captured because of unprotected Colony **Aug 16, 1780** - Americans in forces in S.C. under Gen. Gates-Granny Gates  are defeated by [|Gen. Cornwallis] Gen Clinton returns to NY leaves Cornwallis in command Gen. Clinton returns to NY leaves Cornwallis in command **Sept 5 fights Eng fleet** **Sept 23, 1780** - British Major in civilian clothing Arrested found to be carrying plans indicating Benedict Arnold intends to surrender West Point Arnold hears of the spy's capture and flees West Point to the British ship Vulture on the Hudson Sept 28 Count de Rochambeav 6000 troops G. Washington 8,000 **Oct 7, 1780** – Battle of King’s Mountain( torrie Legion (Roman Legion))Crawl up mountain and defeats the group  Americans capture his reinforcements, Loyalist force (1000) Swamp Fox amecox Gen. Cornwallis abandons his invasion of North Carolina Nathaniel sotuthern army "we get beaten then rise again get beat rise again get beat then rise again   **Oct 14, 1780** - [|Gen. Nathanael Greene] ,  named new commander of the  Southern Army     begins a strategy of rallying popular support and wearing down the British    Gen. Cornwallis chase through the back woods of South Carolina into North Carolina    British, low on supplies, are forced to steal from Americans    **Oct 17, 1780** - Cornwallis surrenders     **Jan 17, 1781** - An American victory at  Cowpens  , South Carolina   [|Gen. Daniel Morgan] defeats British [|Gen. Tarleton]   (Tariltons quater do not accept prisoners)-American cavalry led by William Washington G.W.'s second cousin York town is where we win the Revolutionary War **Parliament calls to end war Feb 27 1782 Commons votes** **March 15, 1781** - Gen. Cornwallis The Battle of Guilford Courthouse  in North Carolina Cornwallis abandons plans to conquer the Carolinas begins a campaign to conquer Virginia(7500) May 21, 1781- Gen Washington and French Gen. Rochambou( attacks New York with Washington) **June 10, 1781 -** Americans troops under Marquis de Lafayette, Gen. Antohny Wayne and Baron von Steuben **June 11, 1781** - Congress appoints a Peace Commission  -power to nagotiate to make peace with England Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay and Henry Laurens( ex president of the congress-Count) **Aug 1, 1781** - Gen. Cornwallis  and his 7,000 tired soldiers arrive at  Yorktown, Virginia **Aug 14, 1781 - Gen. Washington changes plans( abandons the NYC attack)** **French admiral comes out of the carribean stealing from people Count de Grasse** **29-ship French fleet(3000)soilders is in Chesapeake Bay** **Aug 30, 1781** - Count de Grasse's French fleet arrives off Yorktown, Virginia De Grasse then lands troops links with Lafayette's troops to cut Cornwallis **Sept 1, 1781 - Washingtom and Rochambeau arrive at Philadelphia** **Sept 5-8, 1781** - Off Yorktown, naval battle between the French fleet and British fleet French fleet in control of the Chesapeake off from retreat Sept 14-24, 1781 - De Grasse transports the armies of Washington and Rochambeau to Yorktown **Sept 28, 1781** - Gen. Washington, with a combined Allied army of 17,000 begins the siege of Yorktown( english strongest army losses army because of the retreat   **Oct 17, 1781** - British send out a flag of truce. Gen. Washington and Gen. Cornwallis terms of surrender-Cornwallis does a night time bayonet charge    English Parliament, calls to bring this long costly war to an end    **Nov 5, 1781 John Parke(Jacky). Washingtons stepson, dies of camp fever at Yorktown-Surrneders fort Nessceity on july 4th( day george is sad:P)**    **Jan 1, 1782 - Loyalists begin leaving America( Nova Scotia and New Brunswisk)**

**Feb 27, 1782** - English House of Commons votes against further war  in America **March 5, 1782** - Parliament empowers the King to negotiate peace with the United States March 20th, 1782 - British Prime Minister, Lord North resigns **April 4, 1782** - Sir Guy Carleton  becomes the new commander of British forces new British policy of ending hostilities and withdraw **April 12, 1782** - Peace talks begin in Paris April 19th, 1782 - Dutch recognizes USA negotiated by John Adams **Nov 30, 1782** - preliminary peace treaty  is signed in Paris includes recognition of American independence boundaries of the United States British withdrawal from America Peace plan is approved and made by Congress stipulates independence British evacutation Free navigation **Dec 15, 1782** - France, object the signing of the peace treaty  in Paris France treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a treaty of allliance Countries pledge to fight until American independence is won Countries pledge to fight Jan 20, 1783 - England signs preliminary treaty with France and Spain **Feb 4, 1783** - England officially declares an end to hostilities in America **April 11, 1783** - Congress declares an end to the Revolutionary War June 13, 1783 - Continental army dispands (the other part of the army says its nice to go home but I want to get paid. Value wise they get paid 1$ after wwar   **July 8, 1783** - The Supreme Court of  Massachusetts abolishes slavery  in that state    **Sept 3, 1783** - The [|Treaty of Paris] is signed by the United States and Great Britain    **Oct 7, 1783** -  Virginia , the House of Burgesses  grants freedom  to slaves who served in Army    **Dec 23, 1783** - Annapolis,  George Washington  , commander in chief appears before Congress    voluntarily [|resigns his commission]  ** Indians in the War **  Eastern Seaboard European style army vs. army  Inland, French and Indian style fighting and battles  civil war neighbor vs. neighbor  Battle of Wyoming Pennsylvania July 3, 1778, 300 patriots under Col. Zebulon Butler British General inland was Henry Hamilton (the Hair Buyer ) July 4, George Rogers Clark defeats the British and captures Kaskaskia Daniel Boone also becomes well known (famous) February 25, 1779 Congress directs Washington to respond to British, Indian, and loyalist on frontier Washington sends out an expedition under command of Gen John Sullivan orders to destroy – “wipe out tribal towns” Washington sends General John Sullivan "to wipe out all Native towns" ** African Americans in the War ** Continental Congress refuses to allow African Americans to serve in the American force British say freedom to any that serve the King hope to have slave revolts and ruin the economy Washington changes Congresses order to all free African Americans may join service of 1yr. escaped slaves would be given freedom Declaration says “All Men are Created Equal” if America wins slavery would end During and after the war Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania outlaw slavery (Britain outlaws slavery on June 12th 1833)-27 years befroe American starts civil war ** War at Sea ** Washington named commander of the army, pays his own money for first Navy ship Every colony pays money to have their own navy to protect major port cities John Adams is known as the Father of the Navy 8/11/1775 Navel committee approved by Congress member are John Adams, silas Deane, John Langdon 1777 The Royal navy has 89 Major ships of the line or 2,576 cannons Continental Navy has 14 Frigates with 332 cannon-) frigates survive **America’s navy** made up of Privateers, Naval Militias, and the Continental Navy   Privateers are pirates that are given authority by a specific nation-legal pirates for America  Each colony had a Naval Militia   Local ship owners would defend the major colonial ports   Continental Navy 14 Fast Frigates  Bonne Homme Richard commanded by[| John Paul Jones] and the HMS Serapis  ** HMS Jersey ****, Floating Hell**  The HMS Jersey was also known as the ** Ship of Martyrs **  HUNG-Oldest British vessel as a prison-The British in charge(prison ships) advantage-of the situation  HUNG-David Sproat is the British Naval commissary in charge of Naval expenditures  HUNG-Joshua Loring is the Commissary of Prisoners, he keeps track of expenses for prisoners  his wife is having an affair with General William Howe during his time in New York Capt William Cunningham is the Provost Marshall of The New York area - IN charge of inspecting expenses and treatment*<( prison) These three men are know to be “Feeding the Dead, and Starving the Living” -All three are hung in Britain after the war for War Crimes -More American Dies on ship than all battle death's April 15, 1783 ** Treaty of Paris ** ratified - cause the next war Under The Treaty of Paris Borders of America are **Atlantic to Mississippi and Canada to Florida** Also each country will pay the other for losses America will pay loyalist for lost property - the americans pay for loyalist property thats ruin British will withdraw from 13 colonies John Jay dealing with Spain who has increased size and control of New Spain (Florida back to Spain) John Adams in Holland looking for money and trade agreements Ben Franklin _ Alot of things on the treaty is not reached Loyalist leave America Loaylist floods Canada well go there This makes Canada more loyal to Britain; this will be a cause of the War of 1812\ At this point the spanish empire is falling( extremely inportant) **THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA**
 * New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia